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Carbon Related Research during the International Polar Year in the Arctic
Baffin Bay / Davis Straits Hydrographic Sections
Countries: US and Canada
PIs: Craig Lee (Uni. Washington) and Brian Petrie (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada)
Web: http://iop.apl.washington.edu
Description: This project began in 2004 and field work has been funded for 2005, 2006, and 2007. During each cruise, the four sections will be occupied. Extra time will be used to focus on specific circulation features. Sampling includes standard CTD, trace metals (Phil Yeats), total inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and oxygen isotopes (Kumiko Azetsu-Scott), CFCs (Mark Warner), iodine (John Smith), dissolved oxygen and nutrients (Craig Lee and Brian Petrie). Chemical parameters are mostly constrained to the section following the mooring line. This group will propose to continue this work for an additional 3-5 years, extended the current programuntil 2012.
Barrow Strait Hydrographic Sections
Country: Canada
PIs: Jim Hamilton, Simon Prinsenberg, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada).
Description: Three CTD lines in the Barrow Strait have been repeated since 1998: the “Eastern and Western Barrow Strait Lines” at 91º W and 94º W, and the “Wellington Channel Line” at 74º 50’N, for a total of 35stations. It is expected that these lines will continue in the future.
MERICA Program, Hudson Bay
Country: Canada
PIs: Kumiko Azetsu-Scott (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada); Michel Starr, IML Canada).
Description: The MERICA program is a research and monitoring study of climate and productivity in the Hudson bay that began in 2003. The long-term objective of the program is to establish an integrated Observation / Modelling System for detecting, following and predicting ocean and ecosystem changes in the Hudson Bay Complex. Key oceanographic and living resource data sampled comprise variables such as temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, oxygen, abundance and biodiversity of the planktonic and benthic biota, particlesedimentation,contaminants, paleo-environmental and paleo-climatic proxies.
Joint Western Arctic Climate Study (JWACS), Canadian Archipelago
Countries: US, Canada, Japan, China
Web-site: http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/
Description: As part of the Joint Western Arctic Climate Study (JWACS) and the Beaufort Gyre Exploration (BGEP) study, scientists from the US, Canada, Japan, and China are carrying out shipboard hydrographic sampling at about 30 sites on each cruise. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, Tritium-3He and δ18O will be measured and analyzedat the locations along each section.
Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH)
Countries: US
PIs: Peter Schlosser (LDEO)
Web-sites:
SEARCH: http://www.arcus.org/SEARCH/index.php
IAOOS: http://www.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=14
The IPY proposal site provides the most comprehensive documentation on these activities (http://www.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=48).
Proposed projects that will include repeat hydrography are:
- International Arctic Ocean Observing System (iAOOS)
- Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Study
- Developing Arctic Modelling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies (DAMOCLES)
- International Study of Arctic Change (ISAC)
Description: SEARCH is a system-scale, cross-disciplinary, long-term Arctic research program that began in 2005 with currently over 40 core projects funded through NSF, NOAA, and NASA. Observation plans for the program are shown in the figure below. The highest priority for SEARCH is long-term and large-scale observations of environmental change. Observation requirements include those related to physical/chemical ocean, geophysical sea ice, biological/chemical, and stakeholder-relevant variables; sensors and measurements should be co-located to the extent possible. Key regions include: Beaufort Gyre, North Pole, Bering Strait, Canadian Archipelago, and Eurasian Basin slopes and shelves; Alaska near-shore observations in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (stakeholder priority areas, purple shading); and the Chukchi/Beaufort shelf-slope area. Priority observation activities include: repeat hydrographic/tracer surveys across frontal features and sea ice and ocean sampling along transects via ship, aircraft, AUVs, and submarine; boundary flux sections; drifting buoys for marine and sea ice measurements; sea ice and ocean observations via land-based platforms and upward-looking sonar on moorings; and long-term observing stations. Eurasian observations will focus on Arctic / Atlantic linkages, with some explicit U.S. collaborations assumed. The locations of all SEARCH sections, buoys, and moorings in this figure are meant only as general suggestions of deployment schemes. SEARCH will contribute to the IPY project to develop an InternationalArctic Ocean Observing System.
International Pan-Arctic Shelf-Basin Exchange (SBE) study
Countries: Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Russia, USA
Web-site: http://www.aosb.org/SBE.html
Description: This multi-national project, initially coordinated through the Arctic Ocean Studies Board, focuses on studies at the shelf break to investigate potential changes with ice retreat northward over the shelf break, changing seasonality of shelves and shelf break upwelling, thus CO2 budgets and shelf-basin fluxes. Measurements will include : Standard suite measurements(temperature, salinity, transmissivity, fluorescence, PAR, currents, nutrients, oxygen, carbon measurements (DIC, DOC, pH), atmospheric measurements from ship,and chlorophyll biomass. It will contribute to the IPY through the International Arctic Ocean Observing System.
Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice - Snowpack (OASIS)
Country: Multi-national
PI: ocean carbon research still in development
Web-site: http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/solas/OASIS/OASIS.html
Description: Will address exchange between the atmosphere and various surfaces in the Arctic Ocean region.
AR7W, Laborador Sea Section
Country: Canada
PI: Peter Jones (BIO, Canada)
Web-site: http://www.clivar.org/carbon_hydro/hydro_details.php?SPRINT_ID=2&Section_name=A01
Description: This hydrographic section from Nova Scotia to Greenland has been repeated annually since 1998. Carbon and CFC measurements were made in 2005 and planned for 2006.
St Laurent and Laurier VOS lines
Country: Canada
PI: C.S. Wong
Description: Underway pCO2 measurements from Newfoundland to Canadian Basin (St. Laurent) and from theCanadian Basin to Victoria B.C.
GEOSAR 75 North Hydrographic Section
Country: Norway
PIs: Truls Johannessen and Craig Neill (Uni Bergen)
Description: The 75N line from Akureyri, Iceland to either Tromsø or Bodø, Norway, will be occupied from 21 July until 5 of August 2006. Measurements include CFCs, SF6, whole water column physics, CTD and ADCP,Total Carbon, Alk, Nuts, O2 and DOC, underway TS, fCO2 and O2.
Ocean Weather Station Mike Hydrographic Program
Country: Norway
PIs: Ingunn Skjelvan (Uni Bergen)
Web-site: http://www.oceansites.org/network/atlantic/OWSM_Apr05.doc
Description : The hydrographic program of the OWS Mike time series station makes full water columnmeasurements of carbon variables approximately 4 times per year near the station at 66°N, 02°E.
Nuka Arctica VOS line
Country: Norway
PIs: Are Olsen (Uni Bergen)
Web-site: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/VOS_Program/nuka_arctica.html
Description: This surface pCO2 line runs approximately monthly from Aalborg in Denmark to Nuuk in West Greenland. The R/V Nuka Arctica is a cargo ship operated by Royal Arctic Line. This line has been operated since 2003 and should continue through 2009. Measurements include surface pCO2, SST, salinity, atm pCO2,atm. pressure, wind speed, SAMI-CO2 system.
NORCLIFF North Sea Lines
Country: Norway
PIs: Abdirahman Omar
Description: This surface pCO2 line runs from Bergen to Amsterdam on a weekly schedule. It has been operating since 2005. This is part of the EU CarboOcean program funded until 2009.
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